diff --git a/Gemfile b/Gemfile
index 682b445502..b4fbd69607 100644
--- a/Gemfile
+++ b/Gemfile
@@ -156,6 +156,7 @@ end
 
 group :test do
   gem 'simplecov', require: false
+  gem 'test-prof'
   gem 'webmock'
   # See spec/spec_helper.rb for instructions
   # gem 'perftools.rb'
diff --git a/Gemfile.lock b/Gemfile.lock
index 2c7101228c..9d39c878c0 100644
--- a/Gemfile.lock
+++ b/Gemfile.lock
@@ -661,6 +661,7 @@ GEM
     stringex (1.5.1)
     stripe (5.25.0)
     temple (0.8.2)
+    test-prof (0.7.5)
     test-unit (3.3.6)
       power_assert
     thor (0.20.3)
@@ -811,6 +812,7 @@ DEPENDENCIES
   state_machine (= 1.2.0)
   stringex (~> 1.5.1)
   stripe
+  test-prof
   test-unit (~> 3.3)
   timecop
   truncate_html (= 0.9.2)
diff --git a/spec/factories/enterprise_factory.rb b/spec/factories/enterprise_factory.rb
index 2504ccb815..2e949eb699 100644
--- a/spec/factories/enterprise_factory.rb
+++ b/spec/factories/enterprise_factory.rb
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ FactoryBot.define do
       promo_image {}
     end
 
-    owner { FactoryBot.create :user }
+    owner factory: :user
     sequence(:name) { |n| "Enterprise #{n}" }
     sells 'any'
     description 'enterprise'
     long_description '<p>Hello, world!</p><p>This is a paragraph.</p>'
-    address { FactoryBot.create(:address) }
+    address
 
     after(:create) do |enterprise, proxy|
       proxy.users.each do |user|
diff --git a/spec/factories/tag_rule_factory.rb b/spec/factories/tag_rule_factory.rb
index 4a4f5b1130..bcfa1783d8 100644
--- a/spec/factories/tag_rule_factory.rb
+++ b/spec/factories/tag_rule_factory.rb
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
 FactoryBot.define do
   factory :filter_order_cycles_tag_rule, class: TagRule::FilterOrderCycles do
-    enterprise { FactoryBot.create :distributor_enterprise }
+    enterprise factory: :distributor_enterprise
   end
 
   factory :filter_shipping_methods_tag_rule, class: TagRule::FilterShippingMethods do
-    enterprise { FactoryBot.create :distributor_enterprise }
+    enterprise factory: :distributor_enterprise
   end
 
   factory :filter_products_tag_rule, class: TagRule::FilterProducts do
-    enterprise { FactoryBot.create :distributor_enterprise }
+    enterprise factory: :distributor_enterprise
   end
 
   factory :filter_payment_methods_tag_rule, class: TagRule::FilterPaymentMethods do
-    enterprise { FactoryBot.create :distributor_enterprise }
+    enterprise factory: :distributor_enterprise
   end
 
   factory :tag_rule, class: TagRule::DiscountOrder do
diff --git a/spec/models/order_cycle_spec.rb b/spec/models/order_cycle_spec.rb
index e329297f91..c289f7871b 100644
--- a/spec/models/order_cycle_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/models/order_cycle_spec.rb
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ describe OrderCycle do
   end
 
   describe "checking status" do
-    let(:oc) { create(:simple_order_cycle) }
+    let(:oc) { build_stubbed(:simple_order_cycle) }
 
     it "reports status when an order cycle is upcoming" do
       Timecop.freeze(oc.orders_open_at - 1.second) do
@@ -319,7 +319,8 @@ describe OrderCycle do
     end
 
     it "reports status when an order cycle is undated" do
-      oc.update!(orders_open_at: nil, orders_close_at: nil)
+      oc.orders_open_at = nil
+      oc.orders_close_at = nil
 
       expect(oc).to     be_undated
       expect(oc).not_to be_dated
@@ -329,7 +330,7 @@ describe OrderCycle do
     end
 
     it "reports status when an order cycle is partially dated - opening time only" do
-      oc.update!(orders_close_at: nil)
+      oc.orders_close_at = nil
 
       expect(oc).to     be_undated
       expect(oc).not_to be_dated
@@ -339,7 +340,7 @@ describe OrderCycle do
     end
 
     it "reports status when an order cycle is partially dated - closing time only" do
-      oc.update!(orders_open_at: nil)
+      oc.orders_open_at = nil
 
       expect(oc).to     be_undated
       expect(oc).not_to be_dated
diff --git a/spec/models/spree/classification_spec.rb b/spec/models/spree/classification_spec.rb
index 4d0f089e56..2eb3fd68e1 100644
--- a/spec/models/spree/classification_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/models/spree/classification_spec.rb
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ require 'spec_helper'
 
 module Spree
   describe Classification do
-    let!(:product) { create(:simple_product) }
-    let!(:taxon) { create(:taxon) }
-    let(:classification) { create(:classification, taxon: taxon, product: product) }
+    let(:product) { build_stubbed(:simple_product) }
+    let(:taxon) { build_stubbed(:taxon) }
 
     it "won't destroy if classification is the primary taxon" do
+      classification = Classification.new(taxon: taxon, product: product)
       product.primary_taxon = taxon
       expect(classification.destroy).to be false
       expect(classification.errors.messages[:base]).to eq(["Taxon #{taxon.name} is the primary taxon of #{product.name} and cannot be deleted"])
diff --git a/spec/models/spree/order/checkout_spec.rb b/spec/models/spree/order/checkout_spec.rb
index 1020fb0fe5..dcaa58f504 100644
--- a/spec/models/spree/order/checkout_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/models/spree/order/checkout_spec.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 require 'spec_helper'
 
-describe Spree::Order do
+describe Spree::Order::Checkout do
   let(:order) { Spree::Order.new }
 
   context "with default state machine" do
@@ -15,8 +15,6 @@ describe Spree::Order do
 
     it "has the following transitions" do
       transitions.each do |transition|
-        puts transition.keys.first
-        puts transition.values.first
         transition = Spree::Order.find_transition(from: transition.keys.first,
                                                   to: transition.values.first)
         expect(transition).to_not be_nil
@@ -302,12 +300,12 @@ describe Spree::Order do
   end
 
   describe 'event :restart_checkout' do
-    let(:order) { create(:order) }
+    let(:order) { build_stubbed(:order) }
 
     context 'when the order is not complete' do
       before { allow(order).to receive(:completed?) { false } }
 
-      it 'does transition to cart state' do
+      it 'transitions to cart state' do
         expect(order.state).to eq('cart')
       end
     end
diff --git a/spec/models/spree/order_spec.rb b/spec/models/spree/order_spec.rb
index d3d901fb5f..608e6c0eca 100644
--- a/spec/models/spree/order_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/models/spree/order_spec.rb
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ describe Spree::Order do
     end
 
     it "does nothing when the line item is not found" do
-      p = create(:simple_product)
+      p = build_stubbed(:simple_product)
       subject.set_variant_attributes(p.master, { 'max_quantity' => '3' }.with_indifferent_access)
     end
   end
@@ -823,10 +823,14 @@ describe Spree::Order do
   end
 
   describe '#restart_checkout!' do
-    let(:order) { build(:order, line_items: [build(:line_item)]) }
-
     context 'when the order is complete' do
-      before { order.completed_at = Time.zone.now }
+      let(:order) do
+        build_stubbed(
+          :order,
+          completed_at: Time.zone.now,
+          line_items: [build_stubbed(:line_item)]
+        )
+      end
 
       it 'raises' do
         expect { order.restart_checkout! }
@@ -835,7 +839,13 @@ describe Spree::Order do
     end
 
     context 'when the is not complete' do
-      before { order.completed_at = nil }
+      let(:order) do
+        build(
+          :order,
+          completed_at: nil,
+          line_items: [build(:line_item)]
+        )
+      end
 
       it 'transitions to :cart state' do
         order.restart_checkout!
diff --git a/spec/models/tag_rule/filter_order_cycles_spec.rb b/spec/models/tag_rule/filter_order_cycles_spec.rb
index 56153e704b..e2dc07906d 100644
--- a/spec/models/tag_rule/filter_order_cycles_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/models/tag_rule/filter_order_cycles_spec.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 require 'spec_helper'
 
 describe TagRule::FilterOrderCycles, type: :model do
-  let!(:tag_rule) { create(:filter_order_cycles_tag_rule) }
+  let!(:tag_rule) { build_stubbed(:filter_order_cycles_tag_rule) }
 
   describe "determining whether tags match for a given exchange" do
     context "when the exchange is nil" do
diff --git a/spec/models/tag_rule/filter_payment_methods_spec.rb b/spec/models/tag_rule/filter_payment_methods_spec.rb
index 6b61ba0230..63312ca358 100644
--- a/spec/models/tag_rule/filter_payment_methods_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/models/tag_rule/filter_payment_methods_spec.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 require 'spec_helper'
 
 describe TagRule::FilterPaymentMethods, type: :model do
-  let!(:tag_rule) { create(:filter_payment_methods_tag_rule) }
+  let!(:tag_rule) { build_stubbed(:filter_payment_methods_tag_rule) }
 
   describe "determining whether tags match for a given payment method" do
     context "when the payment method is nil" do
diff --git a/spec/models/tag_rule/filter_products_spec.rb b/spec/models/tag_rule/filter_products_spec.rb
index 0519dc00dc..241723157b 100644
--- a/spec/models/tag_rule/filter_products_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/models/tag_rule/filter_products_spec.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 require 'spec_helper'
 
 describe TagRule::FilterProducts, type: :model do
-  let!(:tag_rule) { create(:filter_products_tag_rule) }
+  let!(:tag_rule) { build_stubbed(:filter_products_tag_rule) }
 
   describe "determining whether tags match for a given variant" do
     context "when the variant is nil" do
diff --git a/spec/models/tag_rule/filter_shipping_methods_spec.rb b/spec/models/tag_rule/filter_shipping_methods_spec.rb
index 58a1ee4854..6a52e4b679 100644
--- a/spec/models/tag_rule/filter_shipping_methods_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/models/tag_rule/filter_shipping_methods_spec.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 require 'spec_helper'
 
 describe TagRule::FilterShippingMethods, type: :model do
-  let!(:tag_rule) { create(:filter_shipping_methods_tag_rule) }
+  let!(:tag_rule) { build_stubbed(:filter_shipping_methods_tag_rule) }
 
   describe "determining whether tags match for a given shipping method" do
     context "when the shipping method is nil" do
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ describe TagRule::FilterShippingMethods, type: :model do
     end
 
     context "when the shipping method is not nil" do
-      let(:shipping_method) { create(:shipping_method, tag_list: ["member", "local", "volunteer"]) }
+      let(:shipping_method) { build_stubbed(:shipping_method, tag_list: ["member", "local", "volunteer"]) }
 
       context "when the rule has no preferred shipping method tags specified" do
         before { allow(tag_rule).to receive(:preferred_shipping_method_tags) { "" } }
diff --git a/spec/models/variant_override_spec.rb b/spec/models/variant_override_spec.rb
index 678ccdfee9..f7123b31ef 100644
--- a/spec/models/variant_override_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/models/variant_override_spec.rb
@@ -42,10 +42,15 @@ describe VariantOverride do
 
   describe "validation" do
     describe "ensuring that on_demand and count_on_hand are compatible" do
-      let(:variant_override) {
-        build(:variant_override, hub: hub, variant: variant,
-                                 on_demand: on_demand, count_on_hand: count_on_hand)
-      }
+      let(:variant_override) do
+        build_stubbed(
+          :variant_override,
+          hub: build_stubbed(:distributor_enterprise),
+          variant: build_stubbed(:variant),
+          on_demand: on_demand,
+          count_on_hand: count_on_hand
+        )
+      end
 
       context "when using producer stock settings" do
         let(:on_demand) { nil }
@@ -62,7 +67,7 @@ describe VariantOverride do
           let(:count_on_hand) { 1 }
 
           it "is invalid" do
-            expect(variant_override.save).to be_falsey
+            expect(variant_override).not_to be_valid
             error_message = I18n.t("using_producer_stock_settings_but_count_on_hand_set",
                                    scope: [i18n_scope_for_error, "count_on_hand"])
             expect(variant_override.errors[:count_on_hand]).to eq([error_message])
@@ -139,7 +144,14 @@ describe VariantOverride do
   end
 
   describe "with price" do
-    let(:variant_override) { build_stubbed(:variant_override, variant: variant, hub: hub, price: 12.34) }
+    let(:variant_override) do
+      build_stubbed(
+        :variant_override,
+        variant: build_stubbed(:variant),
+        hub: build_stubbed(:distributor_enterprise),
+        price: 12.34
+      )
+    end
 
     it "returns the numeric price" do
       expect(variant_override.price).to eq(12.34)
@@ -147,7 +159,15 @@ describe VariantOverride do
   end
 
   describe "with nil count on hand" do
-    let(:variant_override) { build_stubbed(:variant_override, variant: variant, hub: hub, count_on_hand: nil, on_demand: true) }
+    let(:variant_override) do
+      build_stubbed(
+        :variant_override,
+        variant: build_stubbed(:variant),
+        hub: build_stubbed(:distributor_enterprise),
+        count_on_hand: nil,
+        on_demand: true
+      )
+    end
 
     describe "stock_overridden?" do
       it "returns false" do
@@ -164,7 +184,14 @@ describe VariantOverride do
   end
 
   describe "with count on hand" do
-    let(:variant_override) { create(:variant_override, variant: variant, hub: hub, count_on_hand: 12) }
+    let(:variant_override) do
+      build_stubbed(
+        :variant_override,
+        variant: build_stubbed(:variant),
+        hub: build_stubbed(:distributor_enterprise),
+        count_on_hand: 12
+      )
+    end
 
     it "returns the numeric count on hand" do
       expect(variant_override.count_on_hand).to eq(12)
@@ -177,6 +204,15 @@ describe VariantOverride do
     end
 
     describe "move_stock!" do
+      let(:variant_override) do
+        create(
+          :variant_override,
+          variant: variant,
+          hub: hub,
+          count_on_hand: 12
+        )
+      end
+
       it "does nothing for quantity zero" do
         variant_override.move_stock!(0)
         expect(variant_override.reload.count_on_hand).to eq(12)
@@ -196,12 +232,24 @@ describe VariantOverride do
 
   describe "checking default stock value is present" do
     it "returns true when a default stock level has been set" do
-      vo = build_stubbed(:variant_override, variant: variant, hub: hub, count_on_hand: 12, default_stock: 20)
+      vo = build_stubbed(
+        :variant_override,
+        variant: build_stubbed(:variant),
+        hub: build_stubbed(:distributor_enterprise),
+        count_on_hand: 12,
+        default_stock: 20
+      )
       expect(vo.default_stock?).to be true
     end
 
     it "returns false when the override has no default stock level" do
-      vo = build_stubbed(:variant_override, variant: variant, hub: hub, count_on_hand: 12, default_stock: nil)
+      vo = build_stubbed(
+        :variant_override,
+        variant: build_stubbed(:variant),
+        hub: build_stubbed(:distributor_enterprise),
+        count_on_hand: 12,
+        default_stock: nil
+      )
       expect(vo.default_stock?).to be false
     end
   end